efi reference and FAQ part 2
SRavet at bangate.compaq.com
SRavet at bangate.compaq.com
Fri Nov 22 16:28:19 GMT 1996
This is part two, also about 500 lines.
--steve
Steve Ravet
sravet at bangate.compaq.com
Baby you're a genius when it comes to cooking up some chili sauce...
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Parts -- Injectors and Injector Drivers
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CS-452 and CS-453 -- Cherry
Peak and hold fuel injector driver. 4 amp or 2.5 amp peak, then 4:1
reduction in current. Available from Electromotive.
HGTP14N40F3VL -- Harris
IGBT Coil/Injector Driver.
HGTP14N36G3VL - Same at 14N40... but 360 Volt rating, and added resistor from
the gate to the emitter, may be the same for all intents...
HGTP20N35G3VL - 20 Amp rated, 350 volt clamp, same as above, different ratings.
L584 -- SGS-Thomson?
You can build a complete driver circuit with one L584 (DIP16), two darlingtons
and a few resistors and capacitors. The L584 can be set up to use one of four
diffrent load current waveshapes, including peak-hold-drop and peak-drop.
L9335 -- SGS-Thompson
SGS Thomson sells the L9335 and L9336 Injector Drivers. The former is a 2.4
amp / 0.6 amp peak/hold, and the latter is a 4 amp / 1 amp peak/hold. The
pinout looks the same as the Motorola MC3484S2-2 and MC3484S4-2. Cherry
Semiconductor also sells the part (CS-452 and CS-453).
The L584 is still in production from SGS - they are not easy to get hold of
though, I typically get quoted 25-40 week lead times. This is a very flexible
chip though and because it works in switch mode the darlingtons don't dissipate
much heat (about 1/4 that of LM1949 design). It will produce some RFI because
the inductor (injector) is switched fairly fast and is on the end of a long
piece of wire (aerial). This solution allows any peak/hold ratio to be
implemented. The chip costs about 2.50 (pounds Sterling) in 25 off.
LM1949 -Nat'l Semi
Injector Drive Controller. Beware - this chip does not operate as a
switch mode controller and so the darlington dissipates a lot of heat!
It does allow for a low part count solution but fixes the ratio of peak
to hold current to 4.
MC3484-S4 -- Motorola (discontinued)
This part is the same as the Cherry CS-452 and CS-453
MC33293 -- Motorola
Note that the 33293 is NOT peak and hold. It's a quad driver intended
for high impedence injectors.
HIP0081 -- Harris
This chip is functionally equivalent to the MC33293, ie. quad current
limiting driver with serial diagnostics interface.
MGP20N40CL -- Motorola
The Motorola MGP20N40CL is a nice IGBT for ignition coil drive.
It has internal clamping diodes for voltage protection (400V)
and can handle 20 amps. In practice, with peak coil currents
of 10A, it only needs a small heat sink. You can drive it directly
from a 5V CMOS output.
15 lb/hr injectors high impedance
87 to 92 Ford LTD, Mercury Grand Marquis and Lincoln Town car have 14
ohm 15 pound injectors.
15 lb/hr injectors low impedance
I don't know the year, but the Ford Escort with a 1.6l engine has the
2.4 ohm 15 pound injectors.
19 lb/hr
Mustang 5.0l
22 lb/hr
Chevy 305 tpi
24 lb/hr
GM 350 tpi
35 lb/hr
Mustang SVO turbo.
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Parts -- Processors
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CSP3000 --
The Car Signal Processor (CSP3000) is a signal processor designed for use
in automotive applications. 24 analog inputs and 8 PWM outputs represent
the interfaces with the analog world. The digital, 12 bits wide I/O port
and two serial bus interfaces permit the exchange of digital data within
the application or between processors.
FEATURES OF THE CSP:
- 12 Bit RISC processor (FP)
- 256 words of internal RAM (12 bit)
- 2048 works of internal ROM (20 bit)
- internal clock generator
- 12 Bidirectional IO lines
- 2 serial ports
- up to 24 analog inputs
- 8 PWM outputs
- up to 24 digital inputs
- all digital inputs with hysteresis
- 2 independant RESET pins for FP and PWM system
- PLCC 68 package
- EMU version available in 132 pin LLCC package
MC68332 -- Motorola
The MC68332 is a member of Motrola's family of modular architecture
controller chips. The '332 contains the following modules:
* CPU32, a 32bit M68000 style processor with all 68020 functionality
except the bitfield operations.
* TPU, a 16 bit RISC time processing unit that has 16 I/O pins
and can independently perform all sorts of time functions such as
PWM, period measurement, position synchronized pulse generation,
missing pulse detection, etc (great for engine management).
* QSM, a serial module that contains one standard asynchronous serial
port and one synchronous port.
* SIM, a system integration module that does chip selects, etc.
* 2K of onboard static ram.
CDP68HC68A2 -- Harris
CMOS Serial 10-Bit A/D Converter for SPI
CDP68HC68P1 -- Harris
CMOS Serial 8-Bit Input/Output Port for SPI
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Parts -- Ingition support/controllers
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67F687 -- Silicon Systems (discontinued)
The 67F687 is a high performance MSICs ( Mixed Signal Integrated Circuit )
designed to work with a microprocessor in an engine management system. Using two
sensor inputs (crank and cam), the 67F687 tracks engine position through one or
two complete revolutions with a resolution of 0.25 degrees. Designed to be
flexible, the 67F687 will accept a variety of sensor types and pulse patterns.
It generates ignition and injection output pulses based on position and time
parameters supplied by the host microprocessor, relieving it of many of the real
time interrupt routines associated with these tasks. These outputs can directly
drive power devices to actuate automotive ignition coils and fuel injectors. A
sense input from each device allows individual diagnostics, short circuit
protection and ignition coil current limiting. A timer, which measures coil
charge time at the ignition sense inputs, enhances closed loop dwell control.
Communication with a host microprocessor is through a parallel data and address
bus. A general purpose parallel I/O port offers level sensitive input and
output capability, in addition to edge detect inputs and PWM outputs.
Silicon Systems
Automotive Products
14351 Myford Road
Tustin, CA 92680 USA
Attn: Tony Anderson
HIP9010 -- Harris Semiconductor
An integrated knock sensor signal processor. This thing (HIP9010) is
controlled by a microprocessor bus port, and does programmable gain,
filtering, windowing and integration. It produces an analog output
voltage for knock amplitude. It will allow you to watch a narrow
frequency band and compare it to the relative power in another band.
You can switch back and forth between different physical sensors
between ignition pulses and even switch bands before and after each
spark event to watch different frequencies.
LM1815 -- Nat'l Semi
An adaptive reluctance amplifier. The neat thing about this chip is
it has different triggering modes, one of which is the adaptive mode
which requires the positive input spike to be at least 80% of
the preceeding pulse, in order to reduce fale triggerings.
The chip produces a pulse on zero-crossing (positive to negative)
and has an on-board triggered one-shot. They cost around $3.50
and looks like it is available.
MC3334 -- Motorola
It's an 8-pin DIP that uses a sensing capacitor to determine if the
coil was completely charged for the last spark. It adjusts the dwell
for the next spark accordingly.
ULQ2460A -- Allegro Microsystems
Electronic Spark Timing Controller
The chip is "intended to interface between conventional
electromagnetic pickups, a computer controlled electronic spark timing
(EST) computer, and a high efficiency ignition coil." They describe an
application schematic where there are 3 connection points to the computer:
1. Reference - signal conditioned output from the pickup
2. EST - control input from the EST
computer, allows the CPU complete control over ignition functions
3. Bypass - causes the device to internally process the Reference
signal to control dwell, spark timing, and spark advance without the
aid of the computer
Allegro Microsystems Inc.
115 Northeast Cutoff
Box 15036
Worcester MA 01615
Voice (508) 853-5000
Fax (508) 853-5049
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Parts -- Sensors, sensor amplifiers, sensor decoders
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ADXL02, ADXL05 -- Analog Devices
This device is a single axis, transistor can accelerometer, capable of
measuring up to +/- 2 G's. I believe these parts run about $20-$25
each. After I gauge the interest level, I will contact a distributor
and get exact price, minimum order and delivery details. Also, there
is an ADXL05 (+/-5G's), for those of you with visions of greatness.
Take a look at:
http://www.analog.com/publications/press/products/ADXL-EM_062195.html
You may have to wade through Analog's front lines. Just go to
analog devices->sensors->ADXL05 via the hypertext links.
AD590 -- Analog Devices
A better choice (IMHO) is the AD590 from Analog Devices. It is a current
output device, and outputs 1uA per degree K (Kelvin, 0K = -273C), so at 0C
it puts out 273uA, and at 100C it puts out 373uA. Use a 2 wire shielded
cable, carrying +5V on one wire and the current return from the sensor on
the other wire. Run the return current through a resistor to ground, and
measure the voltage across the resistor. Select the resistor to give you
10mV/deg C (10K ohms) if you run it on 5V. If you run it off 12V, you can
increase the output voltage a bit, the sensor doesn't care if it has a
regulated supply or not, but, your offset increases as well and may be more
difficult to deal with. Put a cap across the resistor if you need more
noise immunity, but the current loop style output is relatively immune to
noise anyway.
AD594 -- Analog Devices
If you want your EGT's to be accurate down to freezing, you can use
an Analog Devices AD594. It's a thermocouple amp with built in ice
point compensation and runs about ten bucks US.
DS1820 -- Dallas Semiconductor
Each DS1820 digital thermometer provides 9-bit temperature readings,
no analog circuitry is required, there is no need for shielded cable,
the DS1820 takes its power from the data line, temperature range of
-55C to +125C in 0.5 degrees increments.
Ford O2 sensors
The heated ford sensor I use, Mustang and T bird 5.0 apps, uses
three wires. The two whites are the heater element and they are
floating. The black is the O2 signal and the return is vehicle gnd.
This is commonly available from Napa dealers here for 45$ canadian
admittably at a discount.
Ford MAF sensor
The Ford (Hitachi) MAF output a voltage and can be bought new for
~150-~200 or so. Used ones go for considerably less.
HCTL2000, HCTL2016 -- Hewlett Packard
Optical sensor decoder, 15$. Using two sensors on a toothed or optical
disk, it decodes the waveforms for resolution beyond the number of teeth.
It has a built in 16 bit counter which will totalize pulses until you
read it. As an added bonus, it multiplies the resolution of the system
by 4 because it counts each rising and falling edge from each sensor.I
have used these in a position sensing application and
they are a piece of cake to interface to. You'd only have to read it once
per second and you'd be able to keep up with about 6500 RPM. Of course,
you'd want to read it a lot more often to keep up with things, but it
would take a big load off the processor in any case.
HEDS 5000, 6000, 9000 -- Hewlett Packard
This is an optical sensor setup that you can buy different resolution
disks for, or make your own. They even make one with 360 cpr, and are very
small in size. Coupled with an HCTL2000/2016 quadrature decoder chip,
(X4 resolution, built in 12/16 bit counter w/direction, 8 bit parallel
interface) you have an instant position sensing system with no programming
or fabricating at all.
Honda part number 395986 from 1993 Honda Civic VX
* This is a UEGO exhaust sensor:
* Cost $130ish
* Has same wires and colors as the NTK $600 sensor..
* Same compensating resistance in the plug too...
* The UEGO body markings are the same as the one from
Horiba ($900+) MEXA analyzer ..
* Honda wiring diags from Civic VX show same ckt. annotations
as the NTK fax I received ..
For heater: orange Vh+
yellow Vh-
For Sensor: red Vs+
black Vs- / Ip-
white Ip+
HIP9020AP -- Harris
Reluctance sensor amplifier. This part was specifically designed as a
Vehicle Speed Sensor Buffer chip -- used to pickup the inductive pickup
on the output gear of the transmission ... Plus it has an on-chip pulse
frequency doubler and some selectable dividers as well... Works with
100mv to 130V ... And is about a $3 (US) part (I think -- as I got all
of mine as samples)
LM50 -- Nat'l Semi
This is a linear sensor with an output that increases with increasing
temperature. The TO92 version can be fitted into an old dismantled
water temp sensor if required. Use heatshrink sleeving as insulation.
As it is a 3-wire sensor it needs a +ve feed as well as the ground and
output wire.
LM1815 -- Nat'l Semi
Adaptive Variable Reluctance Sensor Amplifier chip. For cleaning up signals
from magnetic pickups. It is inexpensive (well, $5.70 from DigiKey) and
operates over an input voltage range of 100mV to 120V!
LM1964 -- Nat'l Semi
An amplifier designed especially for amplifying O2 sensor signals.
It's in National's special purpose devices book (Linear 3).
LM9044
Lambda Sensor Interface Amplifier
Electro Corp.
1845 - 57th Street
Sarasota, FL 34243
voice: 813-355-8411
fax: 813-355-3120
A complete line of sensors.
MPX2700AP -- Motorola
The Motorola MPX2700AP is rated to measure up to 4 bar and is fully
temperature compensated all for 7-40 (about $12 U.S.) in the UK. I
would imagine that would meet the needs for most turbo and
non-turbo applications .......
ACH-04-08 Amp
This is a 3-axis accelerometer
(y-axis, z-axis, and rotational acceleration around z-axis) that is fully
programmable. You can read only 1 axis at a time in either digital or
analog format. y-axis sensitivity is 1.5 mV/g, z-axis is 12 mV/g, and
rotational is 0.3 mV/rad/s^2. I don't have time to quote the entire data
sheet but I think is has programmable gain (ie. ranges). I was wrong
about the price: it is $30 (maybe I was thinking $10 per axis?). Oh yeah,
this data sheet and price is preliminary.
I did get detailed information and found out that they have an AC response
only, no DC response. This means that they are good for measuring "vibration"
and "impacts", but not for reading steady-state forces, like the lateral
force on a car going around a corner, accelerating, or braking. These are
the applications that I need, so the part's useless for me. Also, there
is a 25% cross axis sensitivity on one axis. This means that if there's a
1g vibration on the other axis, this one will read a quarter g. That's
pretty bad performance in accelerometer-land. You could only use this
part in applications where cross axis sensitivity does not matter.
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Parts -- Power supply components
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1.5KE18CA -- Microsemi Corp.
A good automotive transorb, especially for supply inputs is the 1.5KE18CA,
(18 volt) this is availible from numerous sources, Microsemi Corp. Santa
Ana, CA being one of them.
LM2940 -- Natl semi
Automotive rated 5,8,10 v regulator. Dropout voltage < 1v typically
LM2925 -- Natl semi
Automotive rated 5v regulator. Dropout voltage <1v typically. Includes
"power good" signal.
MAX724 -- Maxim
Switching regulator
The first time I tried using one, it worked great, was totally painless
to design, dissipates way less than a linear regulator, and puts out
more power than you'll ever need. BTW, the MAX726 is a 2A version of
the 724, all other specs the same.
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Parts -- Car parts
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One-per-plug ignition coils:
Chevy LS-1 will have one coil per plug on the LS-1 (new Corvette engine)
The Subaru SVX uses coil-per-plug. The coils are fairly small, but
they're designed to go between dual overhead cams with a mounting
boss to bolt to. (They're not all the same shape either.)
Check out you're local SAAB dealer. The 9000 and the newer 900 have spark
plug mounted coils. Undoubtably they are Bosch devices so perhaps you can
find an aftermarker dealer that can get generic Bosch parts at a fraction of
the SAAB price.
I believe the newer Supra Turbos also use the sparkplug mounted coils.
The Olds Quad 4 has had plug mounted coils for several years. They are
easy to get at any GM dealership. Don't know if they're cheaper than
the import (Bosch?) version.
FYI Mazda used a distributorless coil per cylinder, ...er rotor, since
'86 on rotaries which has proven to be reliable.
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Parts -- Other
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SAMTEC makes QFP to PGC Adapter boards for a variety of QFP Packages.
Chip Specific Adapters "SPEC" for a variety of Motorola and Intel Chips,
SAMTEC phn 800 726-8329.
HIP 7030A0 and HIP7020 OBD-II/J1850 drivers
Harris has a complete and inexpensive line of OBD_II SAE J1850 comm
protocol IC's. The protocols are too complex for a mail post (unless I
had a week to write...) but the SAE publication HS-3000 is the complete
shebang...One of the harris IC's is the HIP7030A0... It is a 68HC05 cpu
with SENDEC, crc generation etc... It only requires code and the HIP7020
Bus tranceiver chip.
CA3228
Harris Semiconductor -- A complete DIY cruise control less switches and
servo. Requires a bare minimum of external components.
CL-PD6720 Cirrus Logic
If anyone wants to follow along, I'm using a Cirrus Logic CL-PD6720
PCMCIA Host Adaptor. A $23US 208 pin PQFP. It's a complete hardware
solution except for power management.
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Software
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PADS -- Circuit layout software.
Has all the symbols, 68000, 8031, 80x86, TTL, CMOS, etc. It seems easy
to add to this as well. Outputs Gerber, Postscript, etc. Got the copy
I have off a CDROM. Walnut Creek Simtel 10/93 collection. Anyway, try
ftp.uu.net, wuarchive.wustl.edu, ftp.funet.fi etc. The directory at
ftp.uu.net should be /system/msdos/simtel/cad. The files are padslib.zip,
padslog.zip, padspcb.zip. Dunno what the versions are.
RTEMS -- Real time OS
Developed by the Army, see the www page at:
http://lancelot.gcs.redstone.army.mil/rtems.html
It's now available for both efi68k and efi332.
GCC -- DOS hosted cross compiler for 68000 series CPUs
There are now binaries (and the changed source files for anyone interested)
available via anon. ftp. The binaries are gcc 2.6.0 for djgpp (msdos) host
and 68000 family embedded target. The ftp address is:
ftp.lysator.liu.se in directory /pub/msdos/gnu/gcc-dos-m68k
V -- A Freeware portable C++ GUI Framework for Windows and X
V is a portable C++ GUI framework that is compatible with MS Windows and
X windows (Athena widget set). It provides a common API for GUI
development such that a single application source will provide a native
looking GUI application in either environment. Most standard GUI objects
are supported by V, including windows with menus, status bars, tool bars,
and a drawing canvas; modal and modeless dialogs with the most common
controls (buttons, lists, labels, text entry, check and radio
buttons, etc.); and portable printing support. Get more info at
http://www.cs.unm.edu/~wampler/
wxWindows -- GUI package for MS windows and Linux
Yet another GUI package to look at might be wxWindows. It works on
Windoze and Linux (but does require Motif) and claims to have a GUI
builder program. You can read about it at
http://www.aiai.ed.ac.uk/~jacs/wxwin.html
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Definitions
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ADC = Analog to Digital Converter
A/D = Analog to Digital
A/F = Air Fuel Ratio
ALDL -- Assembly Line Diagnostic Link. The connector under the dash on GM
cars. It can be used to dump diagnostic information from the ECM, but
requires special equipment to use.
BP = Barometric Pressure
BAP = Barometric Air Pressure (same as BP)
BDC = Bottom Dead Center
CAN = Controller Area Network. A proposed network protocol for automotive
use outside the US. The US proposal is SAE standard J1850, aka OBD
CTS -- Coolant Temp Sensor
CYA = Cover Your Ass
DAC = Digital to Analog Converter
delta-P = delta pressure. Change in pressure, for example across a throttle
plate.
DIS = Distributorless Ignition System
EGT = Exhaust Gas Temperature
ECM -- Engine Control Module? It's the engine management computer.
ECU = Electronic Control Unit (?) Same as ECM
IAC -- Idle Air Control motor. A stepper motor controlled by the ECM. It
determines how much air gets through to the engine when the throttle is at
idle. The computer controls it to maintain a constant idle.
IGBT -- Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor
MAF -- Mass Air Flow. An FI technique where the mass of air flowing into
the intake is directly measured via a hot wire , rotating vane, hinged
flap, or other means. The computer reads this value and injects the proper
amount of fuel.
MAP -- Manifold Air Pressure. The air pressure in the intake manifold,
after the throttle.
MAT = Manifold Air Temp sensor
MCU = MicroController Unit (eg. 68HC11)
OBD = On Board Diagnostics. Mandated in the US, this forces auto
manufacturers to use common protocols and connectors for automotive
diagnostics. (We've had OBD-I and OBD-II, OBD-III is on the way).
OEM = Original Equipment Manufacturer.
PLCC = Plastic Leadless Chip Carrier
PWM = Pulse Width Modulator
SAE = Society of Automotive Engineers
SBC -- Single Board Computer or Small Block Chevy
SD -- Speed density. An FI technique where the amount of air entering
the engine is calculated from engine RPM, MAP, and a pre-calculated
volumetric efficiency for the engine.
SNAFU = Situation Normal - All Screwed Up
SOL = Shit Out of Luck
TDC = Top Dead Center. Piston at the top of the cylinder
TLA = Three Letter Abbreviation (or Acronym). Acronym is not totally
correct, since an acronym has to be a word, and TLA isn't a word.
TPS = Throttle Position Sensor. Tells the ECM how "open" the throttle is.
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GM EFI terms:
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TPI = Tuned Port Injection. Used on small block Chevy. One Injector
per cylinder, with tuned intake runners. Batch fired. (All
injectors fire at once.)
CFI = Cross Fire Injection. Used 2, 4 cyl throttle bodies on a
cross-ram style manifold that had very small runners.
Injectors alternately fired. Actually the precursor to the
truck V-8 TBI that used a dual plane intake.
SFI = Sequential Fuel Injection. This uses one injector per
cylinder, and one injector driver per cylinder. The advantage
the injector is timed to open some time before the intake
valve, giving better emmisions, drivability and fuel economy.
More expensive, ECM has to know which cylinder is firing.
MPI = Multi Port Injection. GM used this term for the 2.8/3.1L
V-6's. Used one injector per cylinder, batch fired. Tuned
2 piece intake manifold.
TBI = Throttle Body Injection. Almost just like a carburator, except
it uses large injectors mounted over the throttle plate. This
is cheap, but very functional. Alternate fire. Good starting
place for beginners.
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VW FI systems:
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D-Jetronic, 1968-197? This system uses manifold pressure and an all
analog electronic control box. I think it was first used on 1968 VW
Type 3. Also used on Porsche 914, Saab, Volvo, and who knows what else.
L-Jetronic, 1975- This system uses an air flow meter (flapper box) and
a hybrid analog/digital control box. Available with and w/o an oxygen
sensor. I think it was first used on 1974 Porsche 914 1.8. Very common
on BMW, etc. Used on VW Bug from 1975 and late Bus / Vanagon.
Motronic, This is an all digital control unit, using either an air flow
meter or a mass air sensor. I think it was first used on BMW but shows
up on just about all European makes. With and and w/o oxygen sensor and
knock sensors. Used by VW on the VR6.
K-Jetronic, 1973 into the '90s. Commonly called CIS. This started out
as a purely mechanical continuous flow system. First used in 1973
Porsche 911T. VW picked it up for the Rabbit. Seen on many European
makes. In 1982 it became K-Jetronic Lambda, which incorporated an
oxygen sensor, a control unit, and a duty cycle solenoid valve to modify
the original mechanical system. About 1985, KE-Jetronic, the duty cycle
valve was replaced by a voice coil actuator and a more complicated
control unit. Added digital ignition control at the same time.
Digifant is a VW invention that's kind of a cross between L-Jetronic and
Motronic. Found in things like 1990 Golf and Jetta.
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